Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

干制羊肉基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

为了研究干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的最佳提取方法,本试验采用传统酚-氯仿法、磁珠法、改良CTAB法、离心柱法分别提取干制处理后的羊肉基因组DNA,并对4种方法提取的羊肉基因组DNA浓度、纯度、完整性以及提取所需时间、PCR扩增效果等进行比较。结果表明,采用磁珠法提取DNA的效果更好,DNA浓度为118.87 ng·μL^-1,A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀值为1.89,而且此方法具有提取时间短、效率高、污染小等特点。本研究结果为干制加工羊肉基因组DNA的大批量提取和检测提供了参考依据。     

气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验

针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征，该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification，以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果，重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen，DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时，借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下，采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法，仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动，同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%，出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中，增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示，增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降，但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低，导致脱氮效率下降；贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键，提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度，进而影响脱氮效果。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and glomalin-related soil protein drive the distributions of carbon and nitrogen in a large scale

Purpose

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi (AM-like fungi) are crucial for ecosystem functioning and soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of soil quality. However, the spatial distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and SOM in a large scale is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial distribution of SOM, arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and GRSP, and reveal the potential relationship among them in a large scale across China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples (different in vegetation type, climate, and soil variables) were collected from 26 sites in a large scale across China. The soil properties including pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and SOM were determined. Quantitative PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was conducted to evaluate the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi. The contents of easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP), difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP), and total GRSP (T-GRSP) were measured.

Results and discussion

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance was significantly affected by the vegetation type and dramatically correlated with the soil TN and mean annual precipitation (MAP). EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP were more associated with the TC and TN content, respectively. The abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi significantly but weakly correlated with the T-GRSP and EE-GRSP. The SOM content positively correlated with the DE-GRSP and T-GRSP. Those results suggested that the arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi are a larger contributor to regulating the content of GRSP, which is an important indicator of the soil organic carbon pool.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance has a greater contribution to driving the distribution of soil C and N in a large scale by affecting the content of glomalin-related soil protein.

     

Nitrogen transformation mediated by nitrate-dependent iron oxidation in anoxic freshwater

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Fe(III) transformation to Fe(II) via the nitrate-dependent iron oxidation process, occurring in anoxic sediments, has an important role in the nitrogen cycle. In...     

Whistle signal variations among three Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin populations in the South China Sea: a combined effect of the Qiongzhou Strait's geographical barrier function and local ambient noise?

Geographic variations in the dolphin whistles could be useful in assessing association and isolation among populations. Whistle of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) among the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), Leizhou Bei (LZB) and Sanniang Bay (SNB) populations were investigated. A total of 2850 whistles with legible fundamental contour were extracted and 15 acoustic parameters were measured. Contrary to SNB, PRE and LZB had the same relative proportion of tonal type compositions with flat and sine representing the most frequent types. The generalized linear model analysis showed significant acoustic difference among populations and tonal types. All frequency parameters in SNB were significantly higher than those in PRE and LZB, where no significant variation was observed in most of the parameters either at the population level or within each tonal type. Canonical discriminant functions analysis showed a smaller difference between PRE and LZB than between PRE and SNB and between LZB and SNB. Compared with previous recordings, recent recordings demonstrated a consistent pattern of becoming higher in whistle frequency parameters in both LZB and SNB populations, suggesting that noise pollution in LZB and SNB increasing with time according to the acoustic niche hypothesis. Dolphin whistle's geographic variations could be shaped by the combined function of the geographical barrier function of the Qiongzhou strait and local ambient noise. Considering the isolated condition and the relatively smaller population size of the humpback dolphin in the SNB, more effective and proactive conservation actions should be taken to prevent the extinction of small populations.     

大型薄壳制件真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺充模方案仿真分析及优化

针对大型树脂基复合材料制件不适于用实验试错法进行充模方案设计的问题,在分析树脂流动规律的基础上将大型薄壳件的求解区域分解,仿真分析了不同充模方案下树脂在纤维中的流动行为和模腔内压力变化,提出在制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法,选择和优化大型薄壳制件的充模方案。结果表明:①对于不便进行实验试错法进行真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺充模方案设计的大型薄壳制件,可以采用数值模拟的方式,以达西定律、能量守恒定律等为计算依据,求解压力场和速度场,对比不同仿真方案的充模时间等数据合理安排注胶方式方法,指导VARTM工艺制备大型复合材料制件合理安排注胶方式,提高生产率、减少因树脂浸润不均匀产生的缺陷。②对于大型薄壳类制件,忽略厚度方向尺寸,影响充模时间的主要因素为流道长度和树脂流动距离。选取尽可能长的注胶流道,合理设置流道位置以减少树脂流动的距离;长流道可以增加树脂瞬时注入量、提高较长时间的压力差;而树脂流程越长,树脂前锋处压力损失越大,流速越慢。③试验提出了制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法。将大型薄壳工艺制件充模面积等分,注胶流道布置在垂直于制件长度方向的面积等分线上,可缩短充模时间并减少制件两端的树脂富集现象。对于较狭长部分可再次进行面积等分设置流道,以免造成树脂流程过长压力流失过多;而对于较宽阔部分不宜设置过多流道以免树脂前锋稳定前互相接触造成制件充模不均匀。